Ouagadougou: Professor Issa Zerbo, a tenured professor of semiconductor physics and specialist in photovoltaic solar energy, discussed with AIB the operating principles of semiconductors and their significance in solar electricity production. He also highlighted the challenges associated with their application in the Sahelian context.
According to Burkina Information Agency, Professor Zerbo explained that semiconductors are unique as they can act like conductors or insulators depending on conditions. He elaborated on the doping process, which involves introducing foreign atoms to create N-type and P-type semiconductors. The combination of these types forms a PN junction, where solar radiation releases electrons, generating an electric current.
Silicon remains the preferred material for photovoltaic panels due to its abundance and well-understood technology. While once used, germanium has been abandoned due to scarcity. Professor Zerbo differentiated between monocrystalline silicon panels, which are more efficient but costly, and polycrystalline silicon panels, which are less efficient but cheaper. The choice between these depends on local climate conditions.
Innovations in photovoltaic cells, such as perovskite and CIGS cells, offer improved efficiency in labs but face economic challenges in industrialization. In hot climates like Burkina Faso, high temperatures negatively impact panel performance, reducing efficiency and lifespan. Dust accumulation further limits solar absorption, necessitating regular cleaning.
Professor Zerbo also emphasized the importance of nanotechnology and artificial intelligence in enhancing photovoltaic systems. Modeling and simulation help predict installation behavior, reducing the need for physical experiments. His research team focuses on the effects of magnetic fields and electromagnetic waves on photovoltaic installations.
Lastly, he called for more investment in training and research in Africa, stressing the importance of both basic and applied research to address the continent's energy challenges.